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African Black Beetle (Pests)
Description: The African Black Beetle is on of the many insects that can damage our lawns. The grass appears to need water and there may be large brown patches in the lawn.
The larvae have creamy curled bodies and a brown head. (smaller and less curled than the Christmas Beetle). These feed on roots of grasses and other plants during the warmer months causing the plants to wither and die.
The adult is a black shiny beetle about 12mm. During spring the adult feed on the crown of the plants severing the shoots from the roots killing the plant. When you examine the dead grass you will see that the dead thatch comes away in hand-fulls.
Affects: Turf
Various vegetable crops including potatoes, beetroot, tomatoes, cabbages and cauliflowers.
Solution: Soaking the lawn with soapy water will bring the larvae and adults to the surface, they can then be collected by hand.
Dig over vegetable bed, remove by hand
When treating a lawn contact insecticide can be used in spring when the larvae are near the surface. Baythroid Lawn and Grub Insecticide, Chemspray Chlorban and GK Grubkil.
There is no chemical control against larvae that are eating your other plants.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Ants (Pests)
Description:
Ants are attracted to sweet things inside and outside the house.
In the garden they feed on 'HoneyDew' a sweet syrup excreted by aphids, soft scales and mealy bugs. They so love the honey dew that they will protect the insects who produce it which allows those insects to continue to damage the plant.
Ants can be very useful in the garden, they feed on other pests (fleas, caterpillars, termites), and dead insects.
Ants usually nest in soil, next to buildings under patios and along the sides of paths. They also build nests next to plants that harbour Honey dew producing insects or plants with either ripening and/or rotting fruit or floral nectar.
Affects:
Solution:
If the ants nest appears to be under your paving then a kettle of boiling water poured into the gaps between the paving will help. Take care when carrying boiling water to keep it away from children and pets.
Keep ants away from infested plants by painting the tree trunks (if stems are sensitive make collar) with sticky substances such as Tanglefoot. Check the sticky bands regularly and stir in dead ants and debris so the surface remains sticky.
Make sure that the branches are trimmed to keep them away from other plants and structures to prevent the ants finding an alternate root.
Baits are a key tool in managing ants. They contain a mix of sweet food and insecticide. The worker ants take the mix back to feed the ants in the nest. There are various types of baits, in liquid, gel or solid form, one of the least toxic contains boric acid.
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Aphids (Pests)
Description: Small oval shaped pale green, yellowish or black insects approx 2-3mm.
They cluster on the tender new growth of plants and the underside of leaves, flowers and buds.
They suck the sap and cause a loss of vigour, leaf distortion and prevent fruit or flowers from setting. They produce a sweety sticky liquid which encourages ants and sooty mould. They can also carry some viral diseases.
Affects: Roses and other Ornamentals, vegetables and some fruit trees. Can be seen all year in most areas of Australia but numbers increase rapidly as the weather becomes warmer.
Solution: Blast them off with a jet of water, spray with soapy water,remove weeds from around plant or squash them between your fingers. Can also make your own natural insecticide made with garlic and cayenne pepper.
Control the ants to allow natural predators to take over.
Larvae of the green lacewing are wide-ranging predators that will attack and eat almost any small insects or eggs. Lacewing larvae are particularly effective at controlling aphids and can consume 60 aphids in an hour. These are available commercially.
Spray with a systemic or contact insecticide depending on plant and where the aphids are feeding. Systemic Insecticides:-Confidor, Folimat Contact Insecticides: Pyrethrum.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans. Confidor is know to be harmful to bees and should only be used on plants that are not in flower.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Apple Moth (Pests)
Description:
A light brown moth - the female is lighter in colour again. Light brown apple moth larvae feed under the stem and on unexposed areas of the fruit leaving the fruit scarred. The larvae also bore into ripe fruit.
Photo: Wikimedia Commons - author Goldfinger820
Affects:
Apples and citrus.
Solution:
Pest Oil works very well. although it is petroleum based, it is the most effective and organic in that it is not absorbed into the plant, but just spreads a film over the insects and suffocates them. the oil then naturally biodegrades.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Azalea Petal Blight (Disease)
Description: Azalea Petal Blight is caused by fungus and is a problem move common in warm humid areas like Sydney. It ruins our wonderful display of spring flowers.
The petals develop spots, brown on the white flowers and cream on the coloured flowers. Soon the petals turn completely brown, collapse and die. The flowers remain on the stems.
Affects: Azaleas
Solution: As with many fungi there is no cure and cultural and preventative steps need to be taken to control the disease.
It is really important to remove and destroy all the infected flowers as the fungal spores remain within the collapsed flowers until the following year when conditions are again favourable.
Avoid overhead watering.
There is a preventative fungicide called Zaleton that will help control the fungus. You need to start spraying the flowers as soon as the buds emerge and continue to do so every two weeks until the flowers have finished. Like many chemicals this has toxic side effects, so read the safety sheets. Not recommended to be used by women when pregnant or trying to become pregnant
Note: Use registered fungicides with care.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Azalea Lace Bug (Pests)
Description:
The adult bug is black and about 4mm in length with lace-like wings, the younger nymphal stages are more yellow in colour and have dark spines.
The bugs hatch and live on the underside of the leaves where they suck sap. The upper surface of the leaves have a mottled appearance, if heavily infested the leaves can look grey. The underside of the leaves will show lots of tiny droppings. Once a leaf is damage it cannot be reversed.
Affects:
Ornamentals, azaleas, rhododendrons, viburnums, flowering quince, crabapple and cotoneaster.
Solution:
The best option is to use a systemic insecticide. It is important to note that Confidor should NOT be used whilst the Azalea are in flower. Confidor is harmful to bees, it affects the homing abilities.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Azalea Leaf Miner (Pests)
Description: Azalea Leaf Miner is a small caterpillar that tunnels inside the new soft Azalea leaves. It moves to the side of the leaves where it hides away under the curled leaf and feeds under the webbing.
You will see curled edges and brown patches on the leaves. There will also be a certain number of dead leaves
Affects: Azalea and occasionally Rhododendron
Solution: Prune off infected leaves
Use a systemic insecticide - note that Confidor has been shown to be hazardous to bees and should not be used when the plant is in flower.
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Bean Fly (Pests)
Description:
The tiny black flies lay their eggs of the bean leaves. Inspection of the leaves will show tiny yellow spots where the eggs have been laid. When the larvae hatch they burrow into leaf stalks and stem causing them to become swollen, the new plants wilt and fall over; stalks break off higher up in more mature plants.
Photo: Merle Shepard, Gerald R.Carner, and P.A.C Ooi, Insects and their Natural Enemies Associated with Vegetables and Soybean in Southeast Asia, Bugwood.org
Affects:
All French and Climbing Beans.
Solution:
Inspect regularly and remove damaged leaves as soon as they appear. Aim not to plant beans every year.
Use a contact chemical insecticide each week from planting to flowering. The aim being to prevent any eggs being laid on the leaves. Can use a pyrethrum based insecticide like Pyrethrum or a Tau-fluvalinate based insectide like Mavrik.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Bindii (jojo) (Weeds)
Description: Bindii causes the most problems in lawns because the green fruit have barbed head which stick into the feet of humans and animals. The plants grow flat to the ground in a rosette formation, the leaves are feathery, the flowers and fruit are green and develop in the middle of the rosette. They grow vigorously in winter.
Affects: Major problems in lawns
Solution: Aim to prevent bindii establishment in the lawn by keeping the lawn dense and healthy.
Removal of bindii is best done in late winter(August to early Sept). They can be removed by hand if the area is not too large and the bindii too abundant.
Broadleaf herbicide sprays can be used.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Blackfly (Pests)
Description:
This is a black form of aphid. See aphid for more details
Affects:
Many plants including Citrus
Solution:
See aphids
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans. Confidor is know to be harmful to bees and should only be used on plants that are not in flower.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Blackspot - Apples (Disease)
Description: Blackspot inn apples is caused by a fungal disease (Venturia inaequalis Black patches on leaves and fruit which can cause both to grow in a distorted form. It is a disease that becomes worse with a combination of high temperatures and lot of rain.
Affects: Apple trees
Solution: Remove diseased fruit and leaves by hand and destroy.
Lime Sulphur can be used during the dormant period to late bud swell. ( Do not use later as can restrict growth)
A systemic fungicide like Triforine can be used as a preventative spray within three days of warm rainy weather.
Note: Use registered fungicides with care.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Blackspot - Citrus (Disease)
Description:
Black and irregular and sunken patches on citrus fruits particularly Valencia Oranges.
Affects:
Citrus
Solution:
Spray with a copper based fungicide at petal fall. The copper forms a barrier to prevent the fungal spores attaching, so spray prior to infection. The copper remains on the surface we will need to be reapplied if the conditions are wet. Do not apply to much copper as this can damage the fruit.
Note: Use registered fungicides with care.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Blackspot - roses (Disease)
Description: A fungal disease (Diplocarpon rosae) that forms on rose leaves and stems displaying as a growing patch of purple to black. Eventually the leaves will die and drop off. It is worse in warm humid conditions
Affects: Roses
Solution: Choose more resistant varieties.
Collect any diseased leaves and prune away badly diseased part of plant,place in the garbage as the spores will remain long in your garden to re-infect other healthy plants. Avoid watering overhead
During early spring spray plants with either a fungical soap or wettable Sulphur, reapply regularly and after rain.
Note: Use registered fungicides with care.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Boron deficiency (Disease)
Description:
Although plants require very small amounts of Boron. The effects caused by a lack of Boron can be quite dramatic. As gardeners the time we see it most is when we are growing vegetables.
Cauliflowers can the flower head may not develop properly or the stalk develop a hollow stem.
Beetroots will often develope roots with a distorted surface and dark rough patches. Other root crops like turnip and swede can also develop hollows within the root.
Affects:
Solution:
The key to successful growth of vegetable susceptible to boron deficiency is to add boron to the soil at the time of planting. Boron is commercially available as Borax - do add too much use only 2g per sqm and mix into soil before planting the seedlings.
It is important to know that many vegetables don't like too much boron and may not grow well in beds where boron has been added. Avoid planting potatoes, tomatoes, french beans, celery and certain members of the cucurbitaceae family.
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Botyritis Blight (in marigolds) (Disease)
Description: Botyritis Blight affects Marigolds (Tagetes) in late summer and autumn and in other periods of high humidity. Sometimes known as Grey Mould, it will decimate a plants in a relatively short time.
Affects: The foliage will turn blotchy grey and the blooms will decrease in size and start to rot, tending to die off quickly as the plant cannot transfer enough energy through he foliage.
Solution: You can try to spray with Garlic laced water or Neem Oil. Better to remove the entire plants and any foliage debris surrounding, put it in a bag and burn or dispose of in garbage., taking care not to shake any off to re-infect other plants.
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Bracken Fern (Weeds)
Description:
Perennial - Pteridium aquilinum or P. esculentum. Bracken is a large fern, growing up to one metre high. Ferns have fronds, made up of smaller leaflets with small pinnae (tiny mini-leaves) on them. Bracken grow in large colonies in fields, brushy areas, and woods. They have thick root-like stems, called rhizomes, underground. Rhizomes can grow six feet long, and many fronds may grow from one rhizome. Each rhizome also has tiny, hair-like, black roots on it.
Affects:
Bracken can grow very densely crowding out and shading other species. It is potentially poisonous to livestock; one can lead to brain damage in horses, pigs and sometimes sheep and the other can cause cancer of the bone marrow and bladder mainly in cattle.
Solution:
Remove new fronds as they reach the unfurled stage. Slashing the fronds every 4 weeks during spring and summer will gradually weaken the plants.
There are herbicides available. A list of recommended chemicals and application techniques can be found in the Industry & Investment NSW publication Noxious and Environmental Weed Control Handbook. For full details on the use pattern of these herbicides, consult the product labels.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Bronze Orange Bug (Pests)
Description: When young they are thin green and transparent in later stages of development they become pink and then orange with a black spot, the adults are bronze to dark brown and winged. They produce foul smelling secretions. These bugs suck the sap from the plant they prefer the new growth and the stalks of the fruit and flowers. This leads to necrosis of new shoots and fruit and flowers fall.
Affects: Citrus
Solution: The adults can be removed by hand and drop in bucket of soapy water ( wear gloves the insects leave a yellow/brown stain) - It is easier to remove them when they are still at the orange nymph stage as they are easier to see. Some people recommend removal using a vacuum cleaner, but don't use your best cleaner!
The best time for chemical control is during winter /early spring whilst the bugs are in an early nymph stage, thin, green and fragile. Use Pest Oil to spray tree, aiming for the underside of leaves where the young hide.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Brown Lace Lerp (Pests)
Description:
The Brown Lace Lerp feeds on Eucalyptus trees.
Insect is a small psyllid that lives under a small shell-like cover called a Lerp. It is a sap sucker and attaches itself to the leaf blade. The leaves then develop yellow blocky patches that turn brown. The leaves gradually turn completely brown and fall. In severe cases the tree can look as if it has been scorched by fire.
Affects:
All Eucalyptus particularly Eucalyptus robusta. Stressed trees are more susceptible.
Solution:
Treatment of the tree will depend on its size.
If the tree is very large then reduce the stress and improve the health of the tree.
If the tree is small then Pest Oils, contact or Systemic are possible option. Of course will also need to improve the tree's health at the same time.
If you cant save the tree and need to remove then replace it with a resistant species
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Brown Rot (Disease)
Description: It displays as small cankers on branches and stems which exude a sticky gum. The blossoms turn brown, wilt and die. The fruit show small brown patches with light brown powdery spores on them, within 3-5 days will be completely rotten.
Affects: Stone Fruit
Solution: Prune away infected areas of plant. Remove all infected fruit and destroy. Avoid overhead watering. Check best time for pruning and prune to create a shape that allows for good air circulation and access to sprays.
Use a preventative fungicide at Leaf Curl Copper Fungicide, Gk Copper Spray + white oil.
Note: Use registered fungicides with care.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Bryobia Mite (Pests)
Description:
Eggs laid on the rough surfaces of bark and in fork of branches in winter. Mites hatch in spring, for first few days are bright red but gradually turn brown. The mites feed on the upper surface of the new growth and give the leaves a mottled appearance. The new leaves can fail to grow.
Affects:
Apples Pears and some stoned fruit trees.
Solution:
The best time to control these mite is before they hatch. During winter spray the trees with White Oil - pay special attention to rough areas of bark and the forks in tree. If application was missed or unsuccessful use a miticide as soon as mites are detected, try wettable sulphur.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Budworms (Pests)
Description: There are many different species of Budworm and these tend to be species specific.
The adult moth is an undistinguished grey brown and only seen at night. It is the larvae of this pest that causes all the damage to flowers, flower buds and fruit. The larvae chews its way through the soft plant tissue and leaves behind tell-tale tunnels and dying flowers or fruit.
The larvae varies in colour depending on the host plant but all have smooth bodies with light coloured stripes along the body.
These insects have a short life cycle with many generations each year and consequently can cause much damage.
Photo credit: Jeff Hahn University of Minnasota extension
Affects: A wide range of plants including tomatoes, sweetcorn, beans, gardenia, roses and carnations
Solution: This can be a difficult pest to control because once the larvae has tunneled into the flower or bud it is protected from insecticides.
If there are only a few they can be removed by hand.
Fortunately there is an effective biological control, however it needs to be used every 7-10 days over a several weeks to catch the larvae before they start tunnelling. This control is called Dipel it is a pathogenic biological control, the bacteria cause paralysis of the larvae's digestive track and stops it eating and dies. This will not cause any damage to any other insects or animals.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Cabbage Aphids (Pests)
Description:
These very destructive aphids are greyish green with a whitish-grey covering of wax which repels water. They multiply quickly in the crevices close to the stem making the leaves turn turn yellow. Severe infestations can limit growth and even kill younger plants.
Affects:
All cabbages, cauliflower, broccoli. They will be most prevalent after a warm winter.
Solution:
If a small infestation then blast them out with a fine jet of water or squash between fingertips. Undersow with clover which will deter them getting a foothold.
If thats too late then spray with Confidor. Two sprays a week apart are required and ensure you get into every little crevice.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans. Confidor is know to be harmful to bees and should only be used on plants that are not in flower or next to plants that are in flower.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Cabbage Moth (Pests)
Description: This moth (plutella xylostella) has brown mottled wings, the larvae of this moth are green and about 12mm in length and can damage a wide variety of crops. The larvae (caterpillars) tunnel into the leaves and chew holes leaving a fine clear layer of leaf (window pane effect) The larvae move towards the youngest and softest leaves as the plant grows.
Affects: Cabbage, onions, beets, marigolds cucumbers carnations, lettuce, tomato, radish, rhubarb, potato and spinach.
Solution: Organic /non Chemical controls work well against this insect. Dipel is a biological insecticide that damages the gut cells of the larvae to stops them feeding; this is sprayed over crops. Derris dust is a natural insecticide and can be dusted over infected plants.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
Chemical options would be to use a Tau-fluvalinate based insecticide like Mavrik.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Cabbage White Butterfly (Pests)
Description:
The cabbage white butterfly (pieris rapae) has creamy white wings approximately 32–47 mm in width and distinctive a black spot. It lays eggs that emerge as caterpillars that are yellowish green and approx 30mm in length. The larvae tend to feed on the outer leaves of the plants at night. Visible signs will be holes in the leaves and dropping at the base of the leaves of older plants; in younger plants they are eat all the new growth and destroy them.
Affects:
Cabbages,cauliflowers, broccoli, kale, radish and mustard crops. Also can be found of nasturtians, stocks and wallflowers.
Solution:
Use Organic/ non-chemical alternatives to control these insects.
DiPel should be sprayed on plants at first signs of caterpillars feeding. Dipel is a biological insecticide that damages the gut cells of the larvae to stops them feeding.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
Chemical options would be to use a Tau-fluvalinate based insecticide like Mavrik.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Camellia Leaf Gall (Disease)
Description: This is a fungal infection. The leaves become pale, swollen and enlarged, eventually the lower epidermis splits releasing spores into atmosphere. (see GardensOnline Blog for more photos)
Affects: The affects the new leaves of Camellia (and sometimes Gardenia) during the spring. It will not affect older leaves so does not affect the whole plant
Solution: There is no chemical solution. It is important to cut off and destroy the infected leaves before the epidermis splits and releases the spores.
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Caterpillars (Pests)
Description:
In general they are bright green and feed on the underside of leaves by anchoring their butt and then waving around in a circle to munch. They can grow to 4cms in length.
Affects:
Affects all brassicas like Cabbage, Pak Choi, Cauliflower, etc + tomato, beans, peas, mint, dahlia, geranium and many more.
Solution:
If only a few they can be removed by hand. Alternatively, use organic / non chemical options, DiPel or Derris Dust. Dipel is a biological insecticide that damages the gut cells of the larvae to stops them feeding. Derris Dust - Controls most chewing and sucking insect pests, including caterpillars, on vegetables and flowers. It is particularly effective against white butterfly.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Catsear or Flatweed (Weeds)
Description: Catsear is a broad-leafed weed, it is sometimes know as the false dandelion. Found often in lawns and beds. It has tooth-like lobed dark green leaves that are covered in fine hairs. The leaves form a prostrate rosette around central taproot. The root has contractile roots which pull the plant back into the soil and make it hard to remove.
The flower stems are forked with several yellow flowers, the fruit head consists of a fluffy ball of many seeds each with its own parashute.
Affects:
Solution: Keep lawn healthy and well fed during the warmer months.
Remove by hand, just use a long gardeners knife to dig around the root and pull it out.
Use a broadleafed herbicide on lawn.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Chickweed (Weeds)
Description:
This is a broad-leafed scrambling annual. The leaves are quite small, bright green and ovate in shape, the flowers are small and white.
It tends to grow well in areas with regular moisture in full sun to part shade, often seen in nursery pots, flower beds and some cultivated crop areas.
Affects:
It is the host of the Western Flower Thrip which can carry the Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus.
Solution:
Removal by hand where possible. Can be controlled in lawns by mowing.
Selective Broad-leafed Herbicide can be used if lawns heavily infested.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Christmas Beetle (Pests)
Description: The larvae has a white curled shaped body ( often referred to as the white curl grub). The larvae live in the soil and feed on roots particularly grasses and pot plants.
The adult beetle has a brown metallic sheen about 25mm in length. They are active between November and January, they leave a sawtooth pattern on the leaves. Not normally a problem unless the ratio of grass land to eucalyptus trees in very high; in those situations they have been known to destroy all the leaves.
Affects: Adults - Eucalytptus Larvae - roots
Solution: Remove by hand and leave for the birds to enjoy. Throw a damp hessian cloth over the lawn at night, in the morning the grubs congregating under the cloth can be removed.
When digging your veggie patch or transferring compost it is worth removing the grubs whenever you see them. You can pour soapy water over the lawn to bring them to the surface.
Adults tend to have moved on by the time the devastion is noticed and spraying is them too late.
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Citrus Gall Wasp (Pests)
Description:
Evidence of these pest can be seen as galls ( swellings) on the newer stems, they become obvious in early summer.
The galls are the plants response to the small gall wasp larvae feeding and then pupating within the stems.
In Sept and October the adult wasps emerge through holes in the gall and lay their eggs into soft young twigs. The cycle begins again.
In some areas Citrus Gall Wasp is a Proclaimed Pest and must be controlled or growers face heavy fines.
Affects:
All varieties of cultivated citrus
Solution:
The only form of control is to remove and destroy the infected branches and twigs before the 31st August.
This date is chosen to ensure that the branches are removed before any of the wasps are able to hatch. The galls need to be burnt or placed in a black plastic bag in the sun for several days to ensure the wasps have killed. Do not put them in your compost or dispose of until you have killed the adults.
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Citrus Leaf Miner (Pests)
Description: Citrus Leaf Miner as the name indicates is a pest that affects Citrus Trees. The young leaves become become distorted and the older leaves show tell tale sliver trails across the under and or upper surface.
The trails are caused by a small larvae that hatch within the leaf and form tunnels by chewing through the inside of leaf. They then pupate under the curled edges of the leaf. The adult female emerges, mates and lays her eggs in the soft new leaves and so the cycle continues several times during the warmer summer months
Affects: Citrus
Solution: The best solution is to stop the adult moth laying eggs into the new leaves. Spraying the new growth with Pest Oil will prevent the adult landing on the leaf and laying her eggs.
It is only necessary to spray the new leaves as the adult cannot make a hole in the tough older leaves. You will need to spray the new growth regularly during the main growing season.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Clover (Weeds)
Description:
Common, fast spreading, broadleaved weed with distinctive three leaflets and globular creamy pom-pom flowers. Clover is a member of the Fabaceae family which means it root can fix nitrogen, it does well in poorly fertilized gardens. It is grown by some vegetable growers between crops to improved the nitrogen levels of the soil between plantings.
One method of preventing clovers from taking hold is to make sure your lawn is growing strongly and is well fertilised during the warmer, growing months.
Affects:
Solution:
Keep lawn healthy and well fed during the warmer months.
Remove by hand.
Use a broadleafed herbicide on lawn.<
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Codling Moth (Pests)
Description: The moth is small greyish with grey and copper stripes. The eggs are laid the fruit or leaves of fruit trees particularly the apple tree. When the larvae (often known as the apple worm) hatches it burrows into the fruit where is feeds for about 3 weeks before leaving to pupate elsewhere. The pest is responsible for major damage to apple crops.
Affects: Apple trees also some pear and walnut trees
Solution: Removal and destruction of fallen infested fruit.
Attach cardboard strips around tree and main branches to encourage larvae to pupate in these areas - these can then be removed.
Codling Moths traps are available these are used more to monitor the insects and decide the best time to spray.
Total exclusion netting can be used. Fruit protection bags have been developed to protect individual fruit.
Trichogramma carverae are minute wasps that parasitise the moth eggs and have been successful in controlling moth populations. These are available commercially.
Chemical control is required from when the blossoms fall to when the fruit is harvested, spraying every 10 to 14 days. Lebaycid used to be the chemical of choice but as of 1st November 2012 it is now illegal to use this chemical. Folimat is still available.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Collar Rot (Disease)
Description:
This is caused by a soil inhabiting fungus (Rhizoctonia solani)Young plants show a shrivelling of the stem at soil level and the plant collapses, turns brown and dies. This tends to be a problem in warm weather of late spring and autumn
Affects:
tomatoes, many veggies, seedlings and cuttings.
Solution:
Remove infected plants the soil around them and destroy. When planting do not plant too closely together to allow air to circulate around stems. Do not over water. Use fertilisers - healthy plants are better able to recover from the disease.
Note: Use registered fungicides with care.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Collar Rot - Citrus (Disease)
Description: Collar Rot is caused the fungus Phytophthora citrophthora This tends to affect citrus trees especially when they are young.
It is often associated with poor drainage especially after long periods of wet and humid conditions. It can also occur if watering system has been directly at the base of the tree or the base has been surrounded by too much mulch.
The first indication that there may be a problem occurs when the bark at the base of tree starts to turn black, this may be accompanied by gum oozing from the area. The tree will then show other signs of stress, leaves turning yellow, dieback and general loss of vigour.
Affects: Citrus trees - particularly 'Eureka' and 'Lisbon'
Solution: Prevention is the best solution. Make sure that the tree you have purchase has been grafted onto resistant stock Poncirus trifoliata or Citrange hybrids'Troyer' and Carrizo'
Before you plant the tree check soil is well drained. Once planted keep all weeds and other plants aways from the base; do not cover the base of the tree with soil and mulch; cut any low branches to encourage good air movement around tree
If it is too late and you have a tree that is affected. Your course of action will depend on how much of the crown has been infected. If more than half has been infected then remove and destroy the tree. If less than half is affected you can scrape away the infected material and paint with a curative fungicide. At the same time you need to improve the drainage, remove mulch and weeds from around the base and keep watering away from the trunk.
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Cotton or Hibiscus Harlequin Bug (Pests)
Description:
Conspicuous black and reddish orange bug around 12mm long. The insects have a waxy coat which protects them from sprays. They are sap suckers and cause new growth to wilt and die.
Both male and female beetles have a wonderful metallic sheen, the females tends to be more orange while the males tend to be predominantly blue with red and orange markings.
They are of the order Hemiptera, all stages have piercing and sucking mouthparts. Damage tends to be to young shoots.
They are also known as "stink bugs" as they have scent glands which produce a bad smell which, when it is emitted by one bug, triggers others in the group, multiplying the bad smell.
Affects:
The bugs feed on many hibiscus species as well as cultivated cotton.
Solution:
Remove by hand and place in bucket of soapy water. Spray bugs with soapy water (breaks down the waxy coat) - best in middle of the day whilst the bugs are enjoying the heat of the sun.
Chemical sprays that have proved effective Yates Confidor. It is now known that Confidor is harmful to bees and should only be used on plants that are not in flower or next to plants that are in flower.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Cottony Pigface Scale (Pests)
Description: Cottony Pigface scale is one of many types of soft scale.
We tend not to notice this scale until we see the large white cottony sac attached to the leaves and stems. The sac sticky and full of eggs the brown looking disc at the top is actually the female insect.
They don't seem to do too much damage if kept under control.
Affects: Affects both Pigface and Iceplants
Solution: They are very easy to remove by hand.
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Creeping Oxalis (Weeds)
Description:
Oxalis stricta is a creeping summer perennial. The leaves are small and tri-foliate. It has a slender taproot and roots at nodes along slightly hairy stems.
The flowers of oxalis corniculata are yellow and funnelform in shape, they can be solitary or in clusters at the end of slender stems. The seeds are dispersed by the explosive fruit so it is important to remove plants before the fruit appear.
They tolerate most soils and infest all parts of the garden.
Affects:
Solution:
Remove by hand. Take care when removing varieties that have stolons to remove all of the rooted sections.
Use a systemic herbicide.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Cudweed (Weeds)
Description: Leaves bright shiny green above on upper surface, densely white hairy beneath. The basal leaves are very broad and all stem leaves of similiar size.
Flower heads are brown to purple spikes and develop on tall stems 20-60cm in height
It favours cool moist disturbed areas in the garden, lawns, garden beds and gaps in the paving and nursery pots.
Affects:
Solution: Keep lawn healthy and well fed during the warmer months. Re-seed bare patches created when weed removed.
Remove by hand.
Use a systemic broadleafed herbicide on lawns and spot spray on smaller infestations.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Cup Moth - Spitfires, Chinese Junks (Pests)
Description:
It is the caterpillars of the Cup Moth that cause two problems, one to us and the other to the tree. Firstly, the young larvae feed in groups and can skeleton the upper leaf surface. Secondly, two pairs of spots at each end of their body contain stinging hairs that shoot out when the larvae is disturbed and can cause skin irritations and welts.
The larvae are easily recognisable and quite pretty, they tend to be green in colour with bright colour patterns on the body and saw tooth edge. When irritated the stinging hairs shoot our from the spots and the larvae can look like a Chinese festival dragon.
The pupa can be mistaken for gum nuts sitting along a twigs or small branches.
Photo - Project Noah
Affects:
Angophora costata, some species of Eucalyptus, Melaleucas, Prunus and Apples
Solution:
Can be removed by hand - but make sure you wear gloves and wear protective clothing.
If smaller trees are affected then they can be sprayed with Dipel or a Contact insecticide.
Larger trees are harder to treat and in most cases can just be left.
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Curl Grubs (Pests)
Description: Curl grubs is a term used to describe the larva of various beetles including the Christmas Beetle.
They are between 2-3cm long and curl forming a C shape. They have an orangey brown head, white body with 3 pairs of legs and a brown abdomen.
The grubs love decaying matter and soft roots. They hatch in late spring burrow into the soil and start eating the soft new roots.
They are found in the soil and compost heaps.
Affects: All plants with soft new roots are affected, flowers, vegetables, lawns and in severe cases can affect shrubs and trees.
Flowers and vegetable plants will start to wither, look stressed from lack of water and continue to do so no matter how much they are watered.
Lawns will start to develop browny yellow and may start to die.
Can be found in pot plants purchased from nurseries.
Solution: In beds: Before planting remove by hand any grubs found in the soil or compost.
Depending on the state of the plant it will have to be thrown it away or after checking for grubs moved to another area.
Then clear the area of curl grubs, soft roots and other plants before soaking the bed and leaving it for several weeks to break the cycle before planting again.
Tea Tree Oil and Neem Oil have been used successfully - follow the instruction carefully but remember this will also affect the good bugs in the soil.
In Lawns: It is harder to see them. Water lawn with biodegradable detergent and within 10mins the grubs will come to the surface, they can be removed by hand or left for the birds to eat.
Alternatively if the area is only small, throw a wet hessian sack over the affected area, leave over night, in the morning the grubs can be collected and destroyed.
Grubs like the soil to be dry so keep the lawn well watered.
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Damping Off - seedlings (Disease)
Description:
This is a fungal disease of seedlings. There are three fungi that have been implicated Pythium spp, Rhizoctonia and Phytophthora spp.
It is influenced by the poor drainage of the potting mix, over watering and oversowing.
The seeds germinate and seem healthy, the plant stem starts to rot near the soil surface, the plant wilts, falls over and dies.
Affects:
Seedlings
Solution:
Improve the drainage and air filled porosity of the growing media by using a course seed raising potting mix.
Before you start ensure that pots, benches and tools have been treated with disinfectant.
When sowing your seeds try not to over sow them, if using very small seed they can be mixed with sand for better distribution.
Follow advice on pack for best time to sow seeds
Reduce the moisture levels in the soil by always watering before noon.
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Dandelions (Weeds)
Description: Dandelion, or Taraxacum officinale, is a winter perennial with a thick fleshy tap root. Both the leaves and flower stems contain a white milky fluid. The leaves have large serrations which gives the plant its name "Dents de Leon' or lions teeth.The flowers are yellow and the seeds are easily scattered on the wind borne on feathery white hairs. Dandelions spread by both seed and stems from the root.
Affects:
Solution: Keep lawn healthy and well fed during the warmer months.
Remove by hand, just use a long gardeners knife to dig around the root and pull it out.
Use a broadleafed herbicide on lawn.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Docks (Weeds)
Description:
Curly dock, or Rumex crispus, is a winter perennial that has a deep fleshy tap root and the leaves have a wavy appearance on their edges. The flowers are long green spikes which turns reddish brown on maturity. The flower grows 2 - 3 feet in height. They are found in the lawn and flowerbeds
Affects:
Solution:
Keep lawn healthy and well fed during the warmer months.
Remove by hand, just use a long gardeners knife to dig around the root and pull it out.
Use a broadleafed herbicide on lawn.
NOTE MOST CHEMICAL HERBICIDES CAN BE HARMFUL TO OTHER ANIMALS AND HUMANS. USE WITH CARE - READ LABEL AND FOLLOW MANUFACTURES INSTRUCTIONS
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Downy Mildew (Disease)
Description: Is first seen on the leaves as small light yellow spots or white, these become bigger and covered with white fungal threads (downy patches). which stunt growth. In some plants the new leaves can become distorted. This can be caused by various fungi each specific to a small range of plants. As wit all fungi they prefer warm humid coniditions.
Affects: Cucumber, pumpkin, lettuce, cabbage, cauliflower, leak, pea, onion, swede, grapes, roses and stock.
Solution: In humid areas aim to choose less susceptible varieties. In humid areas make sure the plants have lots of air around them to reduce the levels of humidity around the plant.
Prune and destroy all infected leaves immediately.
Plants can be sprayed or dusted with sulphur every week and after rain. Do not use sulphur when it is very hot or the plant is distressed.
There are some systemic fungicides that can be used, check labels for suitability with your plants.
Note: Use registered fungicides with care.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Earwig (Pests)
Description:
Earwigs are mostly scavengers, they live in crevices or decaying debris or just under the soil surface. The adults have shiney brown bodies with curved pincers at the end of their abdomen. They tend to feed during the night and spend the day in moist crevices.
Affects:
Dahlias, zinias, buddleia, lettuce, cauliflower, corn, potatoes, roses plus others
Solution:
Earwig traps can be made by crumpling damp newspaper in an upturned flower pot and placing it on pole close to the plants it has been feeding on. Each morning empty the earwigs into soapy water. Alternatively, leave a damp newspaper on the ground close to the plants and empty each morning into soapy water.
Unless they are destroying your crops there seems little need to use chemicals but if you do then Baythroid is registered for the control of earwigs - do not spray directly on plant but around the base.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Fig Tree Leaf Beetle - Poneridia semipullata (Pests)
Description: This as the name suggests is a pest of fig trees. Both larvae and adult can cause damage to the leaves.
The larvae are responsible for most of the damage on the new leaves and when they feed in groups as they often do they can destroy the new growth very quickly.
The adult beetles are about 10mm in length, brown in colour with a black dot on the thorax and the base of the wing covers. The adults tend to be more solitary and eat the edges of both new and old leaves leaving a scalloped pattern to the leaves.
Affects: Leaves of fig trees in spring and summer
Solution: The damage may not look very pretty but the insects are unlikely to kill the tree.
Encourage birds into your garden as they love feeding on the larvae. If the tree is small, the insects can be removed by hand or squirted off with water.
In severe cases chemicals can be used - speak to your local horticulturalist for the best option for your case.
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Fireweed (Weeds)
Description:
Fireweed (Senecio madagascariensis is a member of the Asteraceae (daisy) family. It has yellow daisy like flowers. They can vary in leaf shape (from entire to lobed) and growth height (10-60cm). The common form tends to be low growing, with a branched bushy habit.
Affects:
Fireweed is a problem in SE New South Wales. It grows well in most soil types that are well drained and lighter textured so can be a problem in garden beds.
It is a major problem on farms as it contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids that are toxic to livestock and can cause liver damage particulary in hungry or young stock.
Solution:
As with all members of the Asteraceae family they produce vast numbers of seeds. The key to controlling Fireweed is to remove the plants before they can produce any seeds. The plants take 6-10 weeks to produce flowers once they have emerged from the ground.
It is recommended to wear gloves when removing the weeds by hand. To destroy plants place in black plastic bag and leave in sun before throwing away.
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Fishbone Fern (Weeds)
Description: This semi evergreen fern tends to grow on the ground. The fronds can grow to 75cm long and tend to be upright or arching.
It reproduces in two ways. It has underground horizontal stems (rhizomes) from which new plants grow and tend to form clumps. It also produces spores and these by wind and water to new areas.
Often grown in damper or shady areas of a garden they can spread quite rapidly within the garden and are a problem in many bushland areas.
Affects: This plant may be dug out. The roots usually are not deep but form quite dense mats. If it is in dense matted clumps remove the central part of the roots from where the leaves are growing (the crown) with a knife.
Solution: Dig them out - it is not too difficult as the roots tend to be quite shallow.
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Flickweed (Weeds)
Description:
Flickweed (Cardamine hirsuta)is also known as Hairy Bittercress and Hoary Wood Cress. It is easily recognisable in the garden because of the rosette formation of the basal leaves, each leaf is made up of between 1-7 kidney shaped leaflets, its small white flowers and thin vertically pointing seed pods. When touched the ripe seed pods explode flicking the seeds away from the plant. The plant takes only 3-5 weeks from emergence to produce seed.
Affects:
This weed is a major problem for gardeners and nurseries. Tend to be a problem all year.
Solution:
As with all annuals the aim is to control them by removing the plants before they have time to set seed. With a very short life cycle - vigilance is the key, plants need to be removed before they produce any seed. Once the seed pods have formed the sensitive nature of the pods means that the pods explode and release seed as the plants are removed.
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Fruit Fly (Pests)
Description: There are two major types in Australia, the Mediterranean and the Queensland Fruit Fly. They are considered serious pests and must be controlled.
Eggs are laid by the adult fly via a thin tube (ovipostor) which pierces the fruit skin. On apple and tomato skins pin prick size dark spots indicate that eggs have been laid inside. When the larvae hatch they burrow towards the centre of the fruit to feed making the fruit inedible. When they are ready to pupate they leave the fruit and burrow into the soil from where they emerge in the warmer months.
The Queensland fruit fly is about 7mm long and has a reddish brown body with yellow markings and found along Eastern states of Australia.
The Mediterranean Fruit Fly is about 3.5-5mm in length, the body is yellowish with a brown tinge, the abdomen in encircled with two light rings is found in Western Australia
Affects: Tomatoes, eggplant, capsicum, passionfruit, olives, oranges, stone fruit, apples, pears and avocados
Solution: For low levels of fruit flies, beer or sugar solution traps may be all you need.
Prune trees regularly to a height that makes fruit picking easy.
Use Fruit Fly traps to show presence of Fruit Fly and when to start spraying. It is important to spray the fruit before eggs have been laid, once in fruit the skin offers protection to the developing larvae.
Total exclusion netting can be used. Fruit protection bags have been developed to protect individual fruit.
Options : Yates Natures Way Fruit Fly Control (Non Chemical). Lebaycid used to be the chemical of choice but as of 1st November 2012 it is now illegal to use this chemical.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Fruit Tree Moth Borer (Pests)
Description:
Fruit Tee Moth Borer despite its name affects many species including, Acacias, Banksia and Crepe Myrtles as well as stone fruit trees.
Borers tend to affect older or stressed trees.
The borer feeds on the external parts of the tree causing damage to the bark and branches particularly at the branch junctions. The damaged area is covered with a sawdust-like pad (Fras) consisting of chewed wood gum, webbing and excrement. The larvae feeds underneath this eating down to the Xylem and Phloem affecting the movement of water and nutrients up the plant and food down to the roots. In severe cases they can cut all movement (Ringbark) leading to death of a branch or the whole tree.
The tunnels created by the borer are used as resting place during the day, they come out at night to feed.
Affects:
Acacias, Banksia and Crepe Myrtles as well as stone fruit trees
Solution:
Prune off damaged branches.
Improve the health of tree, water and fertilise (if tree is an Australian native use low phosphate fertliser)
Prize out with a fine wire, blast out with a jet of water or WD40.
If the tree is badly damaged removal may be your only option.
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Fungal Gall - Wattle (Disease)
Description: Galls are usually hard brown and irregular in shape and covered with a rust coloured powder, they can vary in size from a few millimetres to almost 10cm. A Gall is the plant's response to tissue damage caused in this case by fungi. The look will depend on the species of wattle and where the infection has occurred. The infecting organism is a species of Uromycladium and is specific to certain species.
Affects: Infection can occur in the phyllodes, leaves, pods, stems and branches of different species of Acacia.
Solution: Gall tend to occur in plants that are stressed often due to soil conditions. Once you have cut away any plant tissue infected with gall try to improve the growing conditions of the plant. There are no chemical solutions for this conditions
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Fusarium Wilt (Disease)
Description:
This is a persistent, soil inhabiting fungus ( Fusarium oxysporum) which enters the plant through the roots and effects the sap channels. It starts with a browning off of leaves and a rapid wilting of the leaves and branches. There are different types of this fungi and each affects specific plants
Affects:
Tomatoes, cucurbitis, carnations, gladioli
Solution:
Once its in the soil its tricky to eradicate.
Remove and destroy any infected plants.
Plant to allow good airflow between plants.
Practice crop rotation - allowing a 4-5 year cycle
Some people recommend covering the whole area with black plastic (held down with bricks all round) in order to heat the soil to high enough temperatures to kill the spores. You'll need to keep it there for a few weeks in sunny weather in order to ensure its fully cleansed. Once you have done this you can plant your crops.
Note: Use registered fungicides with care.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Grasshoppers (Pests)
Description: Large green insects that eat tender young twigs and leaves. They have chewing mouthparts and feed on on all plants but are particularly to cereals and grasses. In garden situations they are usually not a problems but cause problems when they swarm, eat everything and devastate large areas.
Affects: Any plant
Solution: Unless populations are high, grasshopper numbers are kept in check by natural predators. Netting over plants can prevent them getting to the plants . Neem Oil can be used as a deterrent.
Chemicals sprays can be used as a last resort.Yates Lebaycid is registered for the control of grasshoppers.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Grey Cabbage Aphid (Pests)
Description:
Also known as the Brassica Aphid and Mealy Cabbage Aphid. This insect is a common cause of problems on all plants of the Brassica family. It occurs throughout the year but tends to be worst in spring and autumn. The adult aphid has two forms both winged and wingless so when you first come across this pest the plant appears to be hosting two different insects.
Sticky dense grey patches appear on the leaves, flower head and stalks. These patches are colonies of aphids, including the mature grey wingless adults covered in a waxy white powder , nymphs and dried moults discarded as the nymphs mature. In winter you may also see eggs, the females lay eggs in winter but produce live young during the warmer months. When you knock the leave the small white winged aphids tend to fly away. The ash-like substance found collecting amongst the leaves consists of the dried moults, in severe cases the layers can be quite thick.
Aphids damage the plant in two ways. Firstly by sucking sap from the leaves causing them to be deformed and weaken the plant. Secondly by carrying a virus that can stunt and deform the plant.
Affects:
All Brassicas including Cabbages, cauliflowers, brocolli. Can be seen all year in most areas of Australia but numbers increase rapidly as the weather becomes warmer.
Solution:
Blast them off with a jet of water, spray with soapy water,remove weeds from around plant or squash them between your fingers. Can also make your own natural insecticide made with garlic and cayenne pepper.
Control the ants to allow natural predators to take over.
In the warmer months biological controls are available. Larvae of the green lacewing are wide-ranging predators that will attack and eat almost any small insects or eggs. Lacewing larvae are particularly effective at controlling aphids and can consume 60 aphids in an hour. These are available commercially.
Spray with a systemic or contact insecticide depending on plant and where the aphids are feeding. Systemic Insecticides:-Confidor, Folimat Contact Insecticides: Pyrethrum.
Plants affected by virus should be removed and destroyed.
Confidor is know to be harmful to bees and should only be used on plants that are not in flower or next to plants that are in flower.
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Grey Mould - Roses (Disease)
Description: Grey Mould is a fungal disease most commonly seen on flowers and fruit of roses during periods of high humidity.
Infected flowers first display small rings on the petals, these tend to be red-pink on white flowers and grey-brown on darker flowers. As the fungi spreads the flowers become covered in a grey furry growth, the flowers remain attached becoming slimy before drying out. The spores remain on the dead plant material over the cooler months and germinate as the humidity increases.
Photo Gemes Roses
Affects: Roses
Solution: Firstly reduce the humidity and improve air circulation around the plants. For roses to grow well they require a minimum of 6 hours sun a day, good air flow around the plant and no overhead watering.
Aim to plant your roses approximately a metre apart. When pruning your plants prune the stems to outward facing buds create a vase shape and improve the air flow through the plant. Always water in the morning and avoid wetting the leaves, a drip watering system or wand hose attachment allow the base of the plants to be watered leaving the above ground parts of the plant dry.
Remove and destroy any infected flowers immediately, make sure secateurs are cleaned before and after so as not to transfer spores to other plants.
Chemically this is a difficult disease to control as the mould has become resistant to many fungicides and others are no longer available.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Gum Leaf Skeletoniser (Pests)
Description:
The larvae of the Gum Leaf Skeletoniser is an unusual looking caterpillar. It is yellowy brown and covered with fine hairs but it is the hornlike projection on its head that makes it so distinctive. The projection is make of all the head capsules discarded eat time it moults
The caterpillars feed in groups starting on the leaf surface, then eat the blade to the veins and eventually the whole leaf. A badly affected tree may have a burnt appearance.
The hairs can cause severe skin irritations, careful choice of trees is needed in high traffic public areas.
Photo: Dept of Agriculture and Fisheries - Queensland
Affects:
Certain Eucalyptus including Eucalytpus pilularis, Eucalyptus saligna and Lophostemon confertus
Solution:
Smaller trees can be sprayed with a contact insecticide mixed with a wetting agent.
For larger trees improve the health.
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Hard Scale (Pests)
Description: Small shell-like creatures that attach themselves to leaves or stems like limpets where they suck sap and weaken the plant. The best time to control these pest is during the mobile stage "crawling stage' immediately after they hatched, they remain mobile long enough to find a suitable attachment area along the viens of leaves or stems. They then start to suck the sap and develop a protective cover. They cause much damage to the leaves and stems and in severe cases can lead to the death of the plant.
Affects: There are many different types of hard scale, some attach a wide range of plants but others are more specific ie Rose Scale, Tea Scale, White Palm Scale and White Louse Scale.
Solution: Observe plant carefully for signs of crawlers and then spray with Pest Oil.
Chilocorus ladybird beetles are important predators of many species of scale insects. These are available commercially.
If you would rather not use chemicals, small infestations can be removed by hand either rub the scale off leaves or smooth stems or brush vigorously with an old toothbrush to remove scale from older branches. Remove and destroy heavily infested branches.
If you prefer to use chemicals then once the scale is attached and feeding the most effective method of control is to use a mix of Pest Oil and Pyrethrum ie Yates Scale Gun. Apply every 2-3 weeks.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Hibiscus Flower Beetle (Pests)
Description:
These tiny black beetles are oval, about 3mm in length are often found in the hibiscus flowers.
They chew holes in the petals but are not believed to be responsible for holes in the leaves.
Can cause buds to drop.
Affects:
Hibiscus and magnolias
Solution:
Remove beetles by hand. Prune badly infested flowers. Collect and destroy all fallen flowers and buds.
If you cannot see any sign of beetles, the flowers may be dropping for other non pest related reasons, maybe the ground is too dry or there has been a sudden cold period during spring. In which case watering and feeding the plant will help.
Chemical sprays have proved effective. Yates Confidor is no longer an option as it is now known that Confidor is harmful to bees and should not be used when a plant is in flower or next to plants that are in flower.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to other insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Iron Deficiency (Disease)
Description: The leaves, initially the new growth, turn yellow whilst the veins remain green, this effect is known as chlorosis. The most likely cause is that the soil is too alkaline; at high pH the plant cannot absorb the iron the soil. Other causes may be over watering, drought and in spring a big difference between the air and soil temperature - this will improve as the soil temperature increases.
Affects: All plants
Solution: Check the pH. If the soil is too alkaline add Sulphur. If the soil pH is neutral use chelated iron either as a foliar spray or directly to the soil.
Note: Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Lambs Tongue or Plantain (Weeds)
Description:
Lamb's Tongue (Plantago lanceolata)tends to be a greater problem in lawns. It has broad lanceolate flattened leaves that grow in rosette formation around a flower stems. The flowers are tiny are white or cream in colour they form a cylindrical spike around the stem. Each inflorescence produces huge numbers of seeds which can remain dormant for up to 60 years!! These will grow in full sun and most soil types.
Affects:
They can be found in most gardens, along roadsides and in pastures.
Solution:
Remove by hand - make sure that all the root is removed otherwise it will grow back. Do not add to your compost but bag to destroy.
Selective herbicides can be used on the lawn.Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Lantana (Weeds)
Description: In some areas of the world this plant is considered a garden shrub. In Australia they are considered a noxious weed. The grow into a scrambling wood shrub with bright coloured flowers of reds, yellows and pinks, the flowers have a distinct perfume.
Affects:
Solution: Remove seedlings by hand, prune and remove shrubs by hand making sure that all parts of the plant are removed. Mulching can help to prevent growth of lantana seeds.
Spray leaves with a non-selective herbicide. Cutback hard and paint herbicide on newly cut branches.
Note: Many chemicals sold can be harmful to insects as well as some animals and in some cases, humans.
Always read the manufacturers instructions and warnings before you begin and use as directed.
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Large Citrus Butterfly or Orchard Swallowtail Butterfly (Pests)
Description:
Butterfly lays its eggs on citrus branches. The larvae migrate to the leaves where they start to gorge themselves, they are able to eat through leaves very quickly so need to be removed as soon as they are seen.
The larvae look like bird droppings when first hatched but as they feed on the leaves they grow fat and become olive green in colour with diagonal brown stripes edged in white. When disturbed it emits a foul odour.
Affects:
All citrus and Mexican Orange Blossom (Choisya ternata) and Eristomen.
Solution:
The larvae pupate after 2-3 days and cause only a small amount of damage to the leaves. Leave them to pupate and enjoy the butterflies when they emerge.
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Author: Bob Saunders.